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Contemporary Tibetan Art 2017 Wall Calendar International Campaign for Tibet

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Autonomous region of China

This article is about the administrative region of China. For the ethno-cultural region, run into Tibet. For other uses, see Tibet (disambiguation).

Democratic region in China

Tibet Autonomous Region

Democratic region
Chinese transcription(s)
 •Chinese characters 西藏自治区
(abbreviation: 藏 )
 •Hanyu pinyin Xīzàng Zìzhìqū
(abridgement: XZ / Zàng )
Tibetan transcription(southward)
 •Tibetan script བོད་རང་སྐྱོང་ལྗོངས།
 •Wylie transliteration bod rang skyong ljongs
 •Tibetan pinyin Poi Ranggyong Jong
The Potala Palace

The Potala Palace
Location of the Tibet Autonomous Region in China (land claimed but uncontrolled is striped)

Location of the Tibet Autonomous Region in China (land claimed but uncontrolled is striped)
Country China
Capital
(and largest city) 		Lhasa
Divisions 5 prefecture-level cities, two prefectures, 6 districts, 68 counties, 692 townships
Government
 • Type Autonomous region
 • Body Tibet Democratic Region People's Congress
 • CCP Secretarial assistant Wang Junzheng
 • Congress Chairman Losang Jamcan
 • Government Chairman Yan Jinhai
 • CPPCC Chairman Pagbalha Geleg Namgyai
Area

[1]

 • Total 1,228,400 km2 (474,300 sq mi)
 • Rank 2nd
Highest elevation

(Mount Everest)

 8,848 m (29,029 ft)
Population

(2020[2])
 • Total three,648,100
 • Rank 32nd
 • Density three.0/km2 (vii.7/sq mi)
  • Rank 33rd
Demographics
 • Ethnic composition 90% Tibetan

viii% Han
0.3% Monpa
0.3% Hui
0.ii% others
 • Languages and dialects Tibetan, Mandarin Chinese
ISO 3166 lawmaking CN-XZ
GDP (2020) CN¥190 billion
US$27.59 billion (31st)[three]
Gdp per capita CN¥52,156
US$7,559 (25th)
GDP growth Increase 7.8%
HDI (2019) Increase 0.608[4]
medium · 31st
Website world wide web.xizang.gov.cn
Tibet
Tibet (Chinese and Tibetan).svg

"Tibet" in Chinese (elevation) and Tibetan (bottom)
Chinese proper name
Chinese 西藏
Hanyu Pinyin Xīzàng
Literal meaning "Western Tsang"
Tibet Autonomous Region (TAR)
Simplified Chinese 西藏自治区
Traditional Chinese 西藏自治區
Hanyu Pinyin Xīzàng Zìzhìqū
Literal meaning "Western Tsang" Autonomous Region
Tibetan name
Tibetan བོད་
Manchu name
Manchu script ᠸᠠᡵᡤᡳ
ᡩᡯᠠᠩ
Romanization wargi Dzang
Mongolian proper name
Mongolian ᠲᠢᠪᠧᠲ
Tibyet

The Tibet Autonomous Region (TAR) or Xizang Democratic Region, frequently shortened to Tibet or Xizang,[note 1] is a province-level autonomous region of the People's Commonwealth of China in Southwest Mainland china. Information technology was overlayed on the traditional Tibetan regions of Ü-Tsang and Kham.

It was formally established in 1965 to replace the Tibet Area, the former administrative division of the People'southward Republic of China (Mainland china) established after the looting of Tibet. The establishment was almost five years later the 1959 Tibetan uprising and the dismissal of the Kashag, and virtually 13 years after the original annexation.

The current borders of the Tibet Autonomous Region were generally established in the 18th century[5] and include well-nigh half of historic Tibet, or the ethno-cultural Tibet. The Tibet Autonomous Region spans over 1,200,000 km2 (460,000 sq mi) and is the 2d-largest province-level division of China past area, after Xinjiang. Due to its harsh and rugged terrain, it is sparsely populated at but over iii.5 million people with a population density of 3 inhabitants per foursquare kilometre (7.8/sq mi).

History [edit]

Yarlung kings founded the Tibetan Empire in 618. Past the end of the 8th century, the empire reached its greatest extent. Later a civil state of war, the empire broke up in 842. The royal lineage fragmented and ruled over pocket-sized kingdoms such as Guge, Maryul and Nyingma. The Mongol Empire conquered Tibet in 1244 but the region was granted a caste of political autonomy. Kublai Khan afterwards incorporated the region into his Yuan empire. The Sakya lama Drogön Chögyal Phagpa became religious teacher to Kublai, and was made the head of the region.

From 1354 to 1642, Central Tibet (Ü-Tsang) was ruled by a succession of dynasties from Nêdong, Shigatse and Lhasa. In 1642, the Ganden Phodrang court of the 5th Dalai Lama was established by Güshi Khan of the Khoshut Khanate, who was enthroned as King (chogyal) of Tibet. The Khoshuts ruled until 1717 when they were overthrown by the Dzungar Khanate. The Dzungar forces were in turn expelled by the Manchu expedition to Tibet during the Dzungar–Qing Wars. This began Qing rule over Tibet and marked the first time that Tibet was controlled by the fundamental Chinese government.

Despite some politically charged historical debate on the exact nature of Sino-Tibetan relations,[6] [7] [8] most historians agree that[ who? ] Tibet nether the Ganden Phodrang was an contained country, albeit under different foreign suzerainties, for virtually of its history and including the Ming dynasty period (1368–1644).

From 1912 to 1950, the Land of Tibet became de facto contained after the autumn of the Qing dynasty, like many other warlord-controlled regions under the successor Republic of China. The Republic of Communist china, was too preoccupied with fractious warlordism (1916–1928), Chinese Civil War (1927–1949) and Japanese invasion to have been able to affirm any authority in Tibet. Other smaller kingdoms of ethno-cultural Tibet in eastern Kham and Amdo had been under de jure administration of the Chinese dynastic government since the mid-18th century;[9] today they are distributed among the provinces of Qinghai, Gansu, Sichuan and Yunnan. (Encounter also: Xikang Province)

In 1950, after the establishment of the People'south Republic of Mainland china, the People's Liberation Regular army marched into Tibet and defeated the Tibetan local regular army in a battle fought about the city of Chamdo. In 1951, the Tibetan representatives signed a 17-point understanding with the Central People's Regime affirming Mainland china'south sovereignty over Tibet and the reincorporation of Tibet. The agreement was ratified in Lhasa a few months subsequently.[ten] [xi] After a failed violent uprising, the Dalai Lama fled to Republic of india in 1959 and renounced the 17-bespeak agreement. Tibet Democratic Region was established in 1965, thus making Tibet a provincial-level division of China.

Geography [edit]

The Tibet Democratic Region is located on the Tibetan Plateau, the highest region on world. In northern Tibet elevations accomplish an boilerplate of over 4,572 metres (15,000 ft). Mountain Everest is located on Tibet's border with Nepal.

China'southward provincial-level areas of Xinjiang, Qinghai and Sichuan lie to the northward, northeast and east, respectively, of the Tibet AR. There is also a short edge with Yunnan Province to the southeast. The countries to the south and southwest are Myanmar, Bharat, Bhutan, and Nepal. China claims Arunachal Pradesh administered by India as function of the Tibet Autonomous Region. It also claims several areas adjoining the Chumbi Valley that are recognised equally Bhutan'south territory. Cathay administers several border areas of Ladakh claimed by India.

Physically, the Tibet AR may be divided into ii parts: the lakes region in the w and northward-west and the river region, which spreads out on iii sides of the erstwhile on the e, due south and west. Both regions receive limited amounts of rainfall as they prevarication in the rain shadow of the Himalayas; notwithstanding, the region names are useful in contrasting their hydrological structures, and also in contrasting their different cultural uses: nomadic in the lake region and agricultural in the river region.[12] On the southward the Tibet AR is bounded by the Himalayas, and on the north past a wide mount organisation. The system at no point narrows to a single range; generally there are three or four beyond its breadth. Equally a whole the organization forms the watershed between rivers flowing to the Indian Ocean — the Indus, Brahmaputra and Salween and its tributaries — and the streams flowing into the undrained salt lakes to the north.

The lake region extends from the Pangong Tso Lake in Ladakh, Lake Rakshastal, Yamdrok Lake and Lake Manasarovar near the source of the Indus River, to the sources of the Salween, the Mekong and the Yangtze. Other lakes include Dagze Co, Namtso, and Pagsum Co. The lake region is a air current-swept Tall grassland. This region is called the Chang Tang (Byang sang) or 'Northern Plateau' past the people of Tibet. It is 1,100 km (680 mi) broad and covers an area about equal to that of France. Due to its great distance from the body of water it is extremely arid and possesses no river outlet. The mountain ranges are spread out, rounded, asunder, and separated by relatively apartment valleys.

The Tibet AR is dotted over with large and small lakes, generally salt or alkaline, and intersected by streams. Due to the presence of discontinuous permafrost over the Chang Tang, the soil is boggy and covered with tussocks of grass, thus resembling the Siberian tundra. Common salt and fresh-water lakes are intermingled. The lakes are generally without outlet, or take just a small effluent. The deposits consist of soda, potash, borax and mutual salt. The lake region is noted for a vast number of hot springs, which are widely distributed between the Himalaya and 34° N, simply are most numerous to the west of Tengri Nor (north-w of Lhasa). So intense is the cold in this part of Tibet that these springs are sometimes represented by columns of water ice, the well-nigh boiling water having frozen in the human action of ejection.

The river region is characterized past fertile mountain valleys and includes the Yarlung Tsangpo River (the upper courses of the Brahmaputra) and its major tributary, the Nyang River, the Salween, the Yangtze, the Mekong, and the Yellow River. The Yarlung Tsangpo Canyon, formed by a horseshoe bend in the river where it flows effectually Namcha Barwa, is the deepest and possibly longest coulee in the world.[13] Among the mountains there are many narrow valleys. The valleys of Lhasa, Xigazê, Gyantse and the Brahmaputra are free from permafrost, covered with expert soil and groves of trees, well irrigated, and richly cultivated.

The South Tibet Valley is formed by the Yarlung Tsangpo River during its middle reaches, where it travels from due west to east. The valley is approximately 1,200 km (750 mi) long and 300 km (190 mi) wide. The valley descends from 4,500 m (14,760 ft) above sea level to ii,800 one thousand (9,190 ft). The mountains on either side of the valley are usually around five,000 m (16,400 ft) high.[14] [xv] Lakes hither include Lake Paiku and Lake Puma Yumco.

Authorities [edit]

The Tibet Autonomous Region is a province-level entity of the People's Republic of China. Chinese constabulary nominally guarantees some autonomy in the areas of pedagogy and language policy. Like other subdivisions of Mainland china, routine assistants is carried out by a People'southward Government, headed by a chairman, who has been an indigenous Tibetan except for an interregnum during the Cultural Revolution. As with other Chinese provinces, the Chairman carries out work under the direction of the regional secretarial assistant of the Chinese Communist Party. The regional standing committee of the Communist Party serves every bit the top rung of political power in the region. The electric current Chairman is Yan Jinhai and the electric current party secretarial assistant is Wang Junzheng.

Administrative divisions [edit]

The Autonomous Region is divided into seven prefecture-level divisions: half dozen prefecture-level cities and 1 prefecture.

These in plough are subdivided into a total of 66 counties and 8 districts (Chengguan, Doilungdêqên, Dagzê, Samzhubzê, Karub, Bayi, Nêdong, and Seni).

Administrative divisions of Tibet Autonomous Region
Partition code[16] Partition Surface area in km2 [17] Population 2010[18] Seat Divisions[19]
Districts Counties
540000 Tibet Autonomous Region 1,228,400.00 3,002,166 Lhasa city 8 66
540100 Lhasa metropolis 29,538.ninety 559,423 Chengguan District 3 5
540200 Shigatse / Xigazê city 182,066.26 703,292 Samzhubzê Commune 1 17
540300 Chamdo / Qamdo metropolis 108,872.30 657,505 Karuo District 1 ten
540400 Nyingchi city 113,964.79 195,109 Bayi District 1 vi
540500 Shannan / Lhoka urban center 79,287.84 328,990 Nêdong District one 11
540600 Nagqu urban center 391,816.63 462,382 Seni District 1 10
542500 Ngari Prefecture 296,822.62 95,465 Gar County 7

Urban areas [edit]

Population by urban areas of prefecture & county cities
# City Urban surface area[20] District area[twenty] City proper[xx] Demography date
1 Lhasa [a] 199,159 279,074 559,423 2010-xi-01
(1) Lhasa (new districts) [a] 21,093 78,957 come across Lhasa 2010-11-01
ii Xigazê[b] 63,967 120,374 703,292 2010-11-01
(3) Qamdo[c] 44,028 116,500 657,505 2010-11-01
(iv) Nagqu[d] 42,984 108,781 462,381 2010-xi-01
(v) Nyingchi[e] 35,179 54,702 195,109 2010-11-01
(vi) Shannan[f] 30,646 59,615 328,990 2010-11-01
  1. ^ a b New districts established later demography: Doilungdêqên (Doilungdêqên County), Dagzê (Dagzê County). These new districts non included in the urban area & district expanse count of the pre-expanded urban center.
  2. ^ Xigazê Prefecture is currently known equally Xigazê PLC afterwards demography; Xigazê CLC is currently known as Samzhubzê after demography.
  3. ^ Qamdo Prefecture is currently known as Qamdo PLC later census; Qamdo County is currently known as Karuo after census.
  4. ^ Nagqu Prefecture is currently known equally Nagqu PLC after census; Nagqu County is currently known as Seni after demography.
  5. ^ Nangchen Prefecture is currently known equally Nangchen PLC afterward census; Nangchen County is currently known every bit Bayi subsequently demography.
  6. ^ Shannan Prefecture is currently known as Shannan PLC after census; Nêdong County is currently known every bit Nêdong after census.

Demographics [edit]

Historical population
Year Pop. ±%
1912[21] i,160,000 —
1928[22] 372,000 −67.9%
1936–37[23] 372,000 +0.0%
1947[24] 1,000,000 +168.8%
1954[25] 1,273,969 +27.4%
1964[26] 1,251,225 −1.viii%
1982[27] i,892,393 +51.2%
1990[28] 2,196,010 +16.0%
2000[29] 2,616,329 +xix.ane%
2010[30] 3,002,166 +14.7%
2020[31] 3,648,100 +21.five%
Xikang Province / Chuanbian SAR was established in 1923 from parts of Tibet / Lifan Yuan; dissolved in 1955 and parts were incorporated into Tibet AR.

With an average of simply two people per foursquare kilometer, Tibet has the lowest population density among whatever of the Chinese province-level administrative regions, more often than not due to its harsh and rugged terrain.[32]

In 2011 the Tibetan population was three million.[33] The indigenous Tibetans, comprising 90.48% of the population,[34] mainly adhere to Tibetan Buddhism and Bön, although there is an indigenous Tibetan Muslim community.[35] Other Muslim ethnic groups such as the Hui and the Salar have inhabited the region. There is also a tiny Tibetan Christian community in eastern Tibet. Smaller tribal groups such every bit the Monpa and Lhoba, who follow a combination of Tibetan Buddhism and spirit worship, are found mainly in the southeastern parts of the region.

Historically, the population of Tibet consisted of primarily ethnic Tibetans. According to tradition the original ancestors of the Tibetan people, as represented past the half dozen red bands in the Tibetan flag, are: the Se, Mu, Dong, Tong, Dru and Ra. Other traditional indigenous groups with pregnant population or with the majority of the ethnic group reside in Tibet include Bai people, Blang, Bonan, Dongxiang, Han, Hui people, Lhoba, Lisu people, Miao, Mongols, Monguor (Tu people), Menba (Monpa), Mosuo, Nakhi, Qiang, Nu people, Pumi, Salar, and Yi people.

Co-ordinate to the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition published between 1910 and 1911, the total population of the Tibetan capital letter of Lhasa, including the lamas in the city and vicinity, was nigh xxx,000, and the permanent population also included Chinese families (most 2,000).[36]

Most Han people in the TAR (8.17% of the full population)[34] are recent migrants, considering all of the Han were expelled from "Outer Tibet" (Primal Tibet) post-obit the British invasion until the establishment of the PRC.[37] But viii% of Han people have household registration in TAR, others keep their household registration in place of origin.[34]

Tibetan scholars and exiles claim that, with the 2006 completion of the Qingzang Railway connecting the TAR to Qinghai Province, there has been an "acceleration" of Han migration into the region.[38] The Tibetan government-in-exile based in northern Republic of india asserts that the PRC is promoting the migration of Han workers and soldiers to Tibet to marginalize and assimilate the locals.[39]

Religion [edit]

The main organized religion in Tibet has been Buddhism since its outspread in the 8th century AD. Before the arrival of Buddhism, the master faith among Tibetans was an indigenous shamanic and animistic religion, Bon, which now comprises a sizeable minority and influenced the formation of Tibetan Buddhism.

According to estimates from the International Religious Liberty Study of 2012, most of Tibetans (who contain 91% of the population of the Tibet Autonomous Region) are adherents of Tibetan Buddhism, while a minority of 400,000 people (12.5% of the full population of the TAR) are followers the native Bon or folk religions which share the image of Confucius (Tibetan: Kongtse Trulgyi Gyalpo) with Chinese folk religion, though in a different lite.[42] [43] According to some reports, the authorities of Cathay has been promoting the Bon organized religion, linking it with Confucianism.[44]

Most of the Han Chinese who reside in Tibet practice their native Chinese folk religion (神道; shén dào ; 'Way of the Gods'). In that location is a Guandi Temple of Lhasa ( 拉萨关帝庙 ) where the Chinese god of war Guandi is identified with the cross-ethnic Chinese, Tibetan, Mongol and Manchu deity Gesar. The temple is built according to both Chinese and Tibetan architecture. It was starting time erected in 1792 under the Qing dynasty and renovated around 2013 after decades of busted.[45] [46]

Built or rebuilt between 2014 and 2015 is the Guandi Temple of Qomolangma (Mount Everest), on Ganggar Mount, in Tingri County.[47] [48]

At that place are four mosques in the Tibet Autonomous Region with approximately 4,000 to five,000 Muslim adherents,[twoscore] although a 2010 Chinese survey found a college proportion of 0.4%.[41] There is a Catholic church building with 700 parishioners, which is located in the traditionally Catholic community of Yanjing in the e of the region.[40]

Human rights [edit]

Earlier the annexation of Tibet past the People'southward Republic of Mainland china in 1951, Tibet was ruled by a theocracy[49] and had a degree-like social hierarchy.[50] Human rights in Tibet prior to its incorporation into the People'due south Commonwealth of Red china differed considerably from those in the modern era. Due to tight control of press in cathay, including the Tibet Autonomous Region,[51] information technology is difficult to accurately decide the scope of man rights abuses.[52]

Critics of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) say the CCP's official aim to eliminate "the 3 evils of separatism, terrorism and religious extremism" is used as a pretext for human rights abuses.[53] A 1992 Amnesty International report stated that judicial standards in the TAR were non up to "international standards". The study charged the CCP[54] government with keeping political prisoners and prisoners of conscience; sick-treatment of detainees, including torture, and inaction in the confront of ill-handling; the utilize of the death punishment; extrajudicial executions;[54] [55] and forced ballgame and sterilization.[56] [57] [58] [59] [sixty]

Towns and villages in Tibet [edit]

Comfy Housing Program [edit]

Beginning in 2006, 280,000 Tibetans who lived in traditional villages and as nomadic herdsmen have been forcefully relocated into villages and towns. In those areas, new housing was built and existing houses were remodelled to serve a total of 2 million people. Those living in substandard housing were required to dismantle their houses and remodel them to government standards. Much of the expense was borne past the residents themselves,[61] frequently through bank loans. The population transfer program, which was start implemented in Qinghai where 300,000 nomads were resettled, is called "Comfortable Housing", which is part of the "Build a New Socialist Countryside" plan. Its effect on Tibetan civilisation has been criticized past exiles and human rights groups.[61] Finding employment is difficult for relocated persons who have just agrarian skills. Income shortfalls are commencement past government support programs.[62] It was announced that in 2011 that xx,000 Communist Party cadres will exist placed in the new towns.[61]

Economic system [edit]

Development of Gdp
Twelvemonth GDP in
billions of yuan
1995 v.61
2000 xi.78
2005 24.88
2010 fifty.75
2015 102.64
2020 190.27
Source:[63]

The Tibetans traditionally depended upon agriculture for survival. Since the 1980s, nonetheless, other jobs such equally taxi-driving and hotel retail piece of work accept become available in the wake of Chinese economic reform. In 2011, Tibet's nominal GDP topped 60.5 billion yuan (The states$nine.60 billion), almost more than vii times as big as the 11.78 billion yuan (US$1.47 billion) in 2000. Economic growth since the beginning of the 21st century has averaged over 10 percentage a year.[32] By 2020 the Gdp of the region surpassed 190 billion yuan (US$29.2 billion).[64]

While traditional agriculture and animal husbandry continue to atomic number 82 the area's economic system, in 2005 the tertiary sector contributed more than half of its Gross domestic product growth, the first time it surpassed the area'due south primary industry.[65] [66] Rich reserves of natural resources and raw materials accept still to lead to the creation of a strong secondary sector, due in big function to the province'south inhospitable terrain, depression population density, an underdeveloped infrastructure and the loftier cost of extraction.[32]

The drove of caterpillar fungus (Cordyceps sinensis, known in Tibetan as Yartsa Gunbu) in late leap / early summer is in many areas the most important source of cash for rural households. It contributes an boilerplate of 40% to rural cash income and eight.5% to the TAR'due south Gdp.[67]

The re-opening of the Nathu La pass (on southern Tibet's border with India) should facilitate Sino-Indian border trade and boost Tibet'south economy.[68]

In 2008, Chinese news media reported that the per capita disposable incomes of urban and rural residents in Tibet averaged 12,482 yuan (US$i,798) and three,176 yuan (US$457) respectively.[69]

The China Western Evolution policy was adopted in 2000 by the central government to boost economic development in western China, including the Tibet Democratic Region.

  • Lhasa Economic and Technological Evolution Zone

Tourism [edit]

Strange tourists were first permitted to visit the Tibet Autonomous Region in the 1980s. While the main attraction is the Potala Palace in Lhasa, there are many other popular tourist destinations including the Jokhang Temple, Namtso Lake, and Tashilhunpo Monastery.[70] Nonetheless, tourism in Tibet is yet restricted for non-Chinese passport holders and Democracy of China citizens, and currently foreigners must apply for a Tibet Entry Permit.

Transportation [edit]

Airports [edit]

The ceremonious airports in Tibet are Lhasa Gonggar Airport,[71] Qamdo Bangda Drome, Nyingchi Airport, and the Gunsa Airport.

Gunsa Drome in Ngari Prefecture began operations on 1 July 2010, to become the fourth civil aerodrome in China'south Tibet Autonomous Region.[72]

The Peace Airport for Xigazê was opened for civilian utilise on 30 Oct 2010.[73]

Announced in 2010, Nagqu Dagring Airport was expected to go the earth's highest distance airport, at 4,436 meters above ocean level.[74] However, in 2015 it was reported that construction of the airport has been delayed due to the necessity to develop higher technological standards.[75]

Railway [edit]

The Qinghai–Tibet Railway from Golmud to Lhasa was completed on 12 October 2005. It opened to regular trial service on 1 July 2006. Five pairs of passenger trains run between Golmud and Lhasa, with connections onward to Beijing, Chengdu, Chongqing, Guangzhou, Shanghai, Xining and Lanzhou. The line includes the Tanggula Laissez passer, which, at v,072 chiliad (16,640 ft) above sea level, is the globe's highest railway.

The Lhasa–Xigazê Railway branch from Lhasa to Xigazê was completed in 2014. It opened to regular service on 15 August 2014. The planned Red china–Nepal railway will connect Xigazê to Kathmandu, upper-case letter of Nepal, and is expected to exist completed effectually 2027.[76]

The construction of the Sichuan–Tibet Railway began in 2015. The line is expected to be completed around 2025.[77]

Encounter likewise [edit]

  • China Tibetology Enquiry Heart
  • Looting of Tibet by the People's Republic of Communist china
  • History of Tibet (1950–present)
  • Kazara
  • List of prisons in the Tibet Autonomous Region
  • List of universities and colleges in Tibet
  • Tibet Area (authoritative partitioning)
  • Tibetan independence move
  • Sinicization of Tibet
  • Shigatse Photovoltaic Power Plant

Notes [edit]

  1. ^ Chinese: 西藏; pinyin: Xīzàng, Standard mandarin pronunciation: [ɕí.tsâŋ] ; lit. 'Western Tsang'; Tibetan: བོད་, Wylie: Bod, ZYPY: Poi, Tibetan pronunciation: [pʰø̀ʔ]

References [edit]

Citations [edit]

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Sources [edit]

  • Laird, Thomas (2006). The Story of Tibet : Conversations with the Dalai Lama (1st ed.). New York: Grove Press. ISBN978-0-8021-1827-1.

Farther reading [edit]

  • Dialogues Tibetan dialogues Han. [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar]: Hannü. 2008. ISBN978-988-97999-3-9. , travelogue from Tibet – by a woman who's been travelling around Tibet for over a decade,
  • Wilby, Sorrel (1988). Journey Across Tibet: A Young Woman's 1900-Mile Trek Across the Rooftop of the World. Chicago: Gimmicky Books. ISBN0-8092-4608-2. , hardcover, 236 pages.
  • Hillman, Ben (1 June 2010). "Communist china'south many Tibets: Diqing equally a model for 'evolution with Tibetan characteristics?'". Asian Ethnicity. xi (ii): 269–277. doi:10.1080/14631361003779604. ISSN 1463-1369. S2CID 145011878. Retrieved thirty April 2021.

External links [edit]

  • Tibet Autonomous Region official website
  • Economic profile for Tibet Democratic Region at HKTDC
  • Population Construction and Changes in the Tibet Democratic Region

kiefferdereturn.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibet_Autonomous_Region

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